Improper Voltage Detection for Electronic Circuit Breaker

ABSTRACT

A method of tripping a circuit breaker including sampling an AC line voltage at regular intervals during a first time period to generate a plurality of AC line voltage samples. Each sample of the set of AC line voltage samples is summed to generate a voltage area value. A controller determines whether the voltage area value exceeds a threshold. In response to the voltage area value exceeding the threshold, an amount determined as a function of the voltage area value is added to a count value. The circuit breaker is caused to trip in response to the count value equaling or exceeding a maximum count value. 
     An improper line-to-neutral voltage can be detected by monitoring the line-to-neutral voltage and comparing it to a function such as a trip curve. Thus, components downstream from a circuit breaker, as well as the circuit breaker itself, can be protected from prolonged exposure to improper voltages, which can lead to component failure.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to detecting improper voltage conditions in electronic circuit breakers.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

A typical two-pole circuit breaker (for example, a residential two-pole circuit breaker) receives as inputs two line voltages and a neutral voltage. The two line voltages (line-to-neutral voltages) typically are 120V alternating current (“AC”) signals, 180 degrees out of phase from one another. Each line voltage alternates in polarity with respect to the neutral voltage, which is determined from the two line voltages in a conventional manner. The sum of the two line voltages (the line-to-line voltage) is a 240V AC voltage.

A microprocessor or controller in the circuit breaker can be used to measure line voltages. For example, circuits can be used to divide a line voltage and output the divided signal to the microprocessor. The microprocessor includes an analog to digital (A/D) converter to receive the analog voltage and convert it to a digital voltage for measurement by the microprocessor.

Basic AC voltage power quality is expected throughout a system employing a circuit breaker. Due to variations in the distribution network upstream from the circuit breaker, the AC voltage is expected to vary within a certain range. Variations in the AC voltage outside of this range could damage the circuit breaker or components (such as appliances) downstream from the circuit breaker. For example, metal oxide varistors (MOVs) in many components will heat up when subjected to a prolonged overvoltage and eventually fail. Other downstream components can similarly fail if subjected to prolonged overvoltage conditions. Likewise, circuit breakers often include MOVs or other components that can fail if subjected to a prolonged overvoltage condition.

Currently, circuit breakers are tripped based on measurements of current rather than voltage. A gradual increase in voltage will not cause these circuit breakers to trip. What is needed is a way to detect such improper voltage conditions by monitoring a line-to-neutral voltage and/or a line-to-line voltage and take appropriate action to limit the effect of improper voltages on the circuit breaker and downstream components.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

According to an aspect of the present disclosure, a method of tripping a circuit breaker includes sampling an AC line voltage at regular intervals during a first time period to generate a plurality of AC line voltage samples. Each sample of the set of AC line voltage samples is summed to generate a voltage area value. A controller determines whether the voltage area value exceeds a threshold. In response to the voltage area value exceeding the threshold, an amount determined as a function of the voltage area value is added to a count value. The circuit breaker is caused to trip in response to the count value equaling or exceeding a maximum count value.

According to another aspect of the present disclosure, a circuit breaker includes a first circuit configured to receive an alternating current (AC) line voltage and generate a signal indicative of the AC line voltage. The circuit breaker also includes a controller coupled to the first circuit configured to sample the AC line voltage at regular intervals during a first time period to generate a plurality of AC line voltage samples and sum each sample of the set of AC line voltage samples to generate a voltage area value. The controller is configured to determine whether the voltage area value exceeds a threshold. In response to the voltage area value exceeding the threshold, the controller is configured to add to a count value an amount determined as a function of the voltage area value, and cause a circuit breaker to trip in response to the count value equaling or exceeding a maximum count value.

According to another aspect of the present disclosure, in a circuit breaker, a method includes summing a plurality of samples of an alternating current (AC) voltage to generate a voltage area value. If the voltage area value indicates that the AC voltage is an anomalous voltage, a circuit breaker is caused to trip.

Advantageously, components downstream from a circuit breaker, as well as the circuit breaker itself, can be protected from prolonged exposure to improper voltages, which can lead to component failure. For example, by detecting an overvoltage condition and tripping the circuit breaker upon detection of the overvoltage condition, the circuit breaker and downstream components can be protected from overheating due to the overvoltage condition.

The foregoing and additional aspects and embodiments of the present invention will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art in view of the detailed description of various embodiments and/or aspects, which is made with reference to the drawings, a brief description of which is provided next.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The foregoing and other advantages of the invention will become apparent upon reading the following detailed description and upon reference to the drawings.

FIG. 1A is a circuit diagram of a system that includes some of the elements used in aspects of the present disclosure, including circuitry for measuring a line-to-line voltage and a line-to-neutral voltage and determining another line-to-neutral voltage, wherein a second circuit and a fourth circuit share at least one resistor;

FIG. 1B is a flow chart of a method that includes some of the aspects of the present disclosure;

FIG. 2 is a circuit diagram of a system that includes some of the elements used in aspects of the present disclosure, including circuitry for measuring a line-to-line voltage and a line-to-neutral voltage and determining another line-to-neutral voltage, wherein a second circuit and a fourth circuit share at least one resistor and wherein a second circuit and a third circuit share at least one resistor;

FIG. 3 is a circuit diagram of a system that includes some of the elements used in aspects of the present disclosure, including circuitry for measuring a line-to-line voltage and a line-to-neutral voltage and determining another line-to-neutral voltage, wherein first, second, third, and fourth circuits do not share resistors, and wherein the fourth circuit is connected to first and second line inputs;

FIG. 4 is a circuit diagram of a system that includes some of the elements used in aspects of the present disclosure, including circuitry for measuring a line-to-line voltage and a line-to-neutral voltage and determining another line-to-neutral voltage, wherein first, second, third, and fourth circuits do not share resistors, and wherein the fourth circuit is connected to a neutral input;

FIG. 5 is a circuit diagram of a system that includes some of the elements used in aspects of the present disclosure, including circuitry for measuring two line-to-neutral voltages and determining a line-to-line voltage, wherein first and second circuits are connected between line inputs and analog reference, respectively;

FIG. 6 is a circuit diagram of a system that includes some of the elements used in aspects of the present disclosure, including circuitry for measuring two line-to-neutral voltages and determining a line-to-line voltage, wherein first and second circuits are connected between line inputs and a neutral input, respectively;

FIG. 7 is a circuit diagram of a system that includes some of the elements used in aspects of the present disclosure, including circuitry for measuring a line-to-line voltage and a line-to-neutral voltage and determining another line-to-neutral voltage without a circuit to determine polarity;

FIG. 8 is a flow chart of a method of detecting an improper voltage that includes some of the elements used in aspects of the present disclosure; and

FIG. 9 is a graph of trip curves that includes some of the elements used in aspects of the present disclosure.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE ILLUSTRATED EMBODIMENTS

Although the invention will be described in connection with certain aspects and/or embodiments, it will be understood that the invention is not limited to those particular aspects and/or embodiments. On the contrary, the invention is intended to cover all alternatives, modifications, and equivalent arrangements as may be included within the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.

FIG. 1A is a simplified circuit diagram illustrating aspects of the present invention, including circuitry for measuring a line-to-line voltage and a line-to-neutral voltage and determining another line-to-neutral voltage. A two pole circuit breaker 100 includes two line inputs L1 and L2 (110, 114) to receive AC input voltages (e.g., 120V AC line to neutral) through line-powered trip solenoids 112, 116, respectively, for tripping the circuit breaker 100. The circuit breaker includes an additional line input, i.e., a neutral input 118. Each of the two line voltages alternates in polarity with respect to the neutral input 118. The line voltages are 180 degrees out of phase from one another. The line-to-line voltage, or voltage difference between the two line inputs 110, 114, is a 240V AC voltage.

A full-wave diode bridge 120 and rectifying diodes 122 and 124 together rectify the voltages at line inputs 110, 114. The line voltage of positive polarity is permitted to pass through the full-wave diode bridge 120 and rectifying diodes 122, 124, while ground is pulled toward the voltage of the line input of negative polarity. The half cycle of positive polarity is input to a voltage regulator 126, which outputs a regulated voltage.

The circuit breaker 100 includes a first circuit 128 for measuring the voltage difference between the two line inputs 110, 114. The first circuit 128 includes a resistor 132, connected to the line input 110 and the resistor 134, connected to the line input 114. The resistors 132, 133, and 134 form voltage dividers between the line inputs 110, 114 and ground. The node 130, between the resistors 132, 133, and 134, is connected to a controller such as a microprocessor 136. A person of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that a variety of controllers could be used in place of a microprocessor, for example an application specific integrated circuits (ASIC), field programmable gate array (FPGA), etc. The resistors 132, 133 and 134 are configured to divide the line-to-line voltage to produce at the node 130 a voltage range that can be accepted by the microprocessor 136. For example, if the line voltage at line inputs 110 and 114 are 120V AC, the resistor 132 may be 998 kΩ, the resistor 133 may be 7.5 kΩ, and the resistor 134 may be 998 kΩ. The voltage at the node 130 represents the voltage difference between the line inputs 110 and 114. The microprocessor 136 includes an A/D converter (not shown) to receive the analog voltage from the node 130 at an analog input 138 and to convert it into a digital representation usable by the microprocessor 136 by sampling the voltage at the node 130 at regular intervals.

The circuit breaker 100 also includes a second circuit 129 for measuring the voltage difference between the neutral input 118 and whichever of the two line inputs 110, 114 is of negative polarity. The second circuit 129 includes resistors 142, 144, and 146, which form a voltage divider between the neutral input 118 and ground. The node 140 is between resistor 146 and the combined resistance of resistors 142 and 144. The voltage at the node 140 is a divided representation of the voltage difference between the voltage at the neutral input 118 and ground. Resistors 142, 144, and 146 are configured to divide the line-to-neutral voltage to produce at the node 140 a voltage range that can be accepted by the microprocessor 136. For example, if the line voltage at line inputs 110 and 114 are 120V AC, the resistor 142 may be 309 kΩ, the resistor 144 may be 196 kΩ, and the resistor 146 may be 5.9 kΩ. Because the line voltage that is at a negative polarity serves as ground, the voltage at node 140 represents the voltage difference between the neutral input 118 and whichever of the two line inputs 110, 114 is of negative polarity. For example, during the half-cycle that the line input 110 is of negative polarity with respect to the neutral line input 118, the voltage at node 140 represents the voltage difference between the neutral input 118 and line input 110. The node 140 is connected to the microprocessor 136, which includes the A/D converter to receive the analog voltage from node 140 at analog input 148 and convert it into a digital representation usable by the microprocessor 136 by sampling the voltage at node 140 at regular intervals.

The circuit breaker 100 also includes a third circuit 150 to indicate which of the line inputs 110, 114 is at a positive polarity. The third circuit 150 includes resistors 154 and 156 connected between the line input 114 and ground. The resistors 154 and 156 form a voltage divider. A node 152 is between resistors 154 and 156 and is connected to microprocessor 136. The resistors 154 and 156 are configured to divide the voltage at line input 114 to a voltage range at the node 152 that can be accepted by the microprocessor 136 at a digital input 153 without the use of an A/D converter and can be interpreted as a logic signal. For example, for a line input voltage of 120V AC at line input 114, the resistor 154 can be 974 kΩ and the resistor 156 can be 130 kΩ. The voltage at the node 152 represents the polarity of the voltage at the line input 114. If the voltage at the line input 114 is of negative polarity, the line input 114 serves as ground. Thus, the line input 114 and ground are at substantially the same potential (e.g., a diode drop away from each other), and the voltage at node 152 is zero, representing a logic value of zero. If the voltage at the line input 114 is of a positive polarity, the line input 110 (at a negative polarity) serves as ground, and there is a positive potential between the line input 114 and ground, and the node 152 is at a positive potential, representing a logic value of one. The microprocessor 136 interprets a logic value of zero at the node 152 to indicate that the line input 114 is at a negative polarity and the line input 110 is at a positive polarity. Likewise, the microprocessor 136 interprets a logic value of one at the node 152 to indicate that the line input 114 is at a positive polarity and the line input 110 is at a negative polarity.

The circuit breaker 100 can also optionally include a fourth circuit 160 to indicate when the voltage at the line input 110 or the line input 114 is equal to the voltage at the neutral input 118. If the AC line voltages at the line inputs 110 and 114 are 180 degrees out of phase, their respective voltages will be equal to the voltage at the neutral input 118 at the same time (e.g., at phase angles of zero degrees, 180 degrees, etc.). A point at which the voltage at a line input is equal to the voltage at the neutral input 118 can be referred to as a zero-crossing point. This also represents the point at which the voltage at that line input changes polarity (i.e., from positive a polarity to a negative polarity, or from a negative polarity to a positive polarity). The fourth circuit 160 includes three resistors 142, 164, and 166, which form a voltage divider between the neutral input 118 and ground. A node 162 is between the resistor 166 and the combined resistance of the resistors 142 and 164. The node 162 is connected to the microprocessor 136. The resistors 142, 164, and 166 are configured to divide the voltage between the neutral input 118 and ground to produce at the node 162 a voltage range that can be accepted by the microprocessor 136 at a digital input 163 without the use of an A/D converter and can be interpreted as a logic signal. For example, the resistor 142 may be 309 kΩ, the resistor 164 may be 196 kΩ, and the resistor 166 may be 130 kΩ.

As stated above, whichever line input 110, 114 is of negative polarity serves as ground. At a point where the voltages at the line inputs 110 and 114 are changing polarity (this will be the same point in time for both inputs when the voltages at the line inputs 110 and 114 are 180 degrees out of phase) ground will be equal to both line inputs 110, 114, and the neutral input 118. Thus, at a zero-crossing point, the neutral input 118 will be at ground, and there will be no difference in potential between the neutral input 118 and ground. Accordingly, the voltage at the node 162 will be zero, which represents a logic value of zero. When the line voltages are not at a zero-crossing point, the neutral input 118 will be at a higher potential than ground (which is substantially (e.g., about a diode drop) equal to the line input 110, 114 of negative polarity). Thus, the voltage at the node 162 will be a positive value, which represents a logic value of one. The microprocessor 136 interprets a logic value of zero at the node 162 to indicate that the line inputs 110, 114 are at a zero-crossing point. Likewise, the microprocessor 136 interprets a logic value of one at the node 152 to indicate that the line inputs 110, 114 are not at a zero-crossing point.

FIG. 1B is a flow chart illustrating a method that implements the circuits described above. The first circuit 128 outputs a first analog signal at the node 130 representing the line-to-line voltage (voltage difference between the line inputs 110 and 114) (170). This represents the instantaneous voltage of the 240V AC voltage. The A/D converter at the microprocessor 136 converts the first analog signal to a first digital value (172). The microprocessor 136 samples the first digital value (174). The microprocessor 136 is programmed to determine a line-to-line voltage measurement from the first digital value (176), for example by comparing the first digital value to a set of stored values, or by executing a function defining a relationship between the possible digital values and corresponding line-to-line voltage measurements, as is known in the art. The microprocessor 136 can store this value for use in calculations.

The second circuit 129 outputs a second analog signal at the node 140 representing the line-to-neutral voltage (the voltage difference between the neutral input 118 and the line input of 110 and 114 of a negative polarity ) (178). This represents the instantaneous voltage difference between the neutral line input 118 and whichever of the two line inputs 110 and 114 is of negative polarity at that time. The A/D converter at the microprocessor 136 converts the second analog signal to a second digital value (180). The microprocessor 136 samples the second digital value (182). The microprocessor 136 is programmed to determine the line-to-neutral voltage measurement from the second digital value (184), similarly to how it determines the line-to-line voltage from the first digital value. The microprocessor 136 can store this value for use in calculations.

The third circuit 150 outputs a polarity signal at node 152 representing the polarity of the second line voltage (186). The microprocessor 136 samples the polarity signal and interprets it as a logic signal identifying the line input of 110 and 114 of a negative polarity (188). As explained above, if the line input 114 is of a negative polarity, the voltage at the node 150 will be zero; if the line input 114 is of a positive polarity, the voltage at the node 150 will be a positive value. The microprocessor 136 assigns the second digital value (representing the line-to-neutral voltage measurement) to the line input of negative polarity (190). For example, if the line input 114 is of a negative polarity, the voltage at the node 150 will be zero. The microprocessor 136 can interpret the voltage value of zero as a logic zero, and assign the second digital value to the line input 114. If the line input 114 is of a positive polarity, the voltage at the node 150 will be a positive value. The microprocessor 136 can interpret the positive voltage value as a logic one, and assign the second digital value to the line input 110. The microprocessor 136 can sample and process the first and second analog signals and the polarity signal simultaneously, consecutively, or in any order.

The microprocessor 136 is programmed to calculate a value for the line-to-neutral voltage of the line input of positive polarity from the line-to-line voltage measurement and the line-to-neutral voltage measurement of the line input of negative polarity. For example, the microprocessor 136 can be programmed to subtract the first digital value from the second digital value to calculate a voltage value of the line input of a positive polarity (192). The microprocessor 136 can include an arithmetic logic unit (ALU) to perform such calculations. The microprocessor 136 assigns this calculated voltage value to the line input of 110 and 114 of a positive polarity (194). For example, if the polarity signal is interpreted as a logic zero, the microprocessor 136 assigns the calculated voltage value to the line input 110; if the polarity signal is interpreted as a logic one, the microprocessor 136 assigns the calculated voltage value to the line input 114.

As explained above, the circuit breaker 100 may also include the fourth circuit 160. The fourth circuit 160 outputs a zero-crossing signal at node 162 indicating that the voltage of one (or both) of the line inputs 110, 114 equals the voltage of the neutral input 118 (196). The microprocessor 136 interprets the zero-crossing signal as a logic signal identifying a zero-crossing point (198). A zero-crossing point can be used by the microprocessor 136 as a timing reference. For example, the microprocessor 136 can be configured to sample a predetermined number of samples of the first and second analog signals and the polarity signal beginning when the zero-crossing signal indicates a zero-crossing point.

The polarity signal may also be used to correlate the phase of the current at each line input with the full wave rectified amplitude of the voltage. For example, a current monitoring circuit for each of the line inputs 110, 114 can be coupled to the microprocessor 136 at current monitoring inputs. The current monitoring circuits include DC offsets. By determining that the current at a current monitoring input is above or below the DC offset, the microprocessor can determine whether the current is of a positive or negative phase. This phase information can be compared to the polarity signal. If the phase information from the current monitoring input does not match the polarity signal, the line signal conductors inside the circuit breaker may be improperly connected (e.g., the line intended to be connected to line input 110 is connected to line input 114 and vise versa).

The voltage information can also be used by the microprocessor to identify problems with the voltage inputs, such as the loss of one of the line voltages (sometimes referred to as loss of phase), loss of the neutral input, loss of phase of the line voltages, etc. The voltage and current information could also be used by the microprocessor to determine information about the load on the circuit, such as how much power the load is consuming, or for use in the detection of arcing faults.

Microprocessors typically have a limited number of analog inputs connected to the microprocessor's A/D converter. If more analog inputs are required that the microprocessor has, it could be necessary to use a larger and more expensive microprocessor that has a larger number of analog inputs. In this embodiment, three voltages, i.e., the two line-to-neutral voltages and the line-to-line voltage, can be measured using only two analog inputs. Moreover, as can be seen, both line-to-neutral voltages and the line-to-line voltage can be measured using fewer circuit components, and specifically fewer high-voltage circuit components, saving space on a PCBA. This also reduces the number of high voltage parallel traces, which can reduce PCBA spacing requirements. Calculating a line-to-neutral voltage rather than sampling it using an A/D converter can also save computational time, as performing the calculation can take fewer microprocessor resources than performing an A/D conversion.

In this embodiment, the fourth circuit 160 and the second circuit 129 share at least one component, the resistor 142. Sharing components among the circuits can further reduce the number of components on the PCBA and can simplify layout of the circuitry on the PCBA.

FIG. 2 is a simplified circuit diagram illustrating aspects of the present invention, including circuitry for measuring a line-to-line voltage and a line-to-neutral voltage and determining another line-to-neutral voltage. As with FIG. 1A, above, a two pole circuit breaker 200 includes two line inputs L1 and L2 (110, 114) to receive AC input voltages (e.g., 120V AC) through line-powered trip solenoids 112, 116, respectively, and neutral input 118. The full-wave diode bridge 120 and the rectifying diodes 122 and 124 rectify the voltages at the line inputs 110, 114. The half cycle of positive polarity is input to the voltage regulator 126, which outputs a regulated voltage.

The circuit breaker 200 includes a first circuit 202 for measuring the voltage difference between the line inputs 110, 114. The first circuit 202 includes a resistor 212, connected to the line input 110, two resistors 214 and 216 connected in series to the line input 114, and a resistor 218 connected between the resistors 212 and 216 and ground. The resistor 212, the combination of the resistors 214, 216, and resistor 218 form voltage dividers between the line inputs 110, 114 and ground. A node 210, between the three resistors 212, 216, and 218 is connected to the microprocessor 136. The resistors 212, 214, 216, and 218 are configured to divide the line-to-line voltage to produce at the node 210 a range that can be accepted by the microprocessor 136. The voltage at the node 210 represents the voltage difference between the line inputs 110 and 114. The microprocessor 136 includes the A/D converter (not shown) to receive the analog voltage from the node 210 at the analog input 138 and convert it into a digital representation usable by the microprocessor 136 by sampling the voltage at the node 210 at regular intervals.

The circuit breaker 200 also includes a second circuit 204 for measuring the voltage difference between the neutral input 118 and whichever of the two line inputs 110, 114 is of negative polarity. The second circuit 204 includes three resistors 222, 224, and 226, which form a voltage divider between the neutral input 118 and ground. A node 220 is between the resistor 226 and the combined resistance of the resistors 222 and 224. The voltage at the node 220 is a divided down version of, and represents, the voltage difference between the voltage at the neutral input 118 and ground. The resistors 222, 224, and 226 are configured to divide the line-to-neutral voltage to produce at the node 220 a range that can be accepted by the microprocessor 136. The voltage at the node 220 represents the voltage difference between the neutral input 118 and whichever of the two line inputs 110, 114 is of a negative polarity. The node 220 is connected to the microprocessor 136, which includes the A/D converter to receive the analog voltage from the node 220 at the analog input 148 and convert it into a digital representation usable by the microprocessor 136 by sampling the voltage at the node 220 at regular intervals.

The circuit breaker 200 also includes a third circuit 206 to indicate which of the line inputs 110, 114 is at a negative polarity (and which is at a positive polarity, as the other line input will be of opposite polarity when the line voltages are 180 degrees out of phase). The third circuit 206 includes three resistors 214, 232, and 234 connected between the line input 114 and ground. The resistor 234 and the combination of the resistors 214 and 232 form a voltage divider. A node 230 is between the resistors 232 and 234, and is connected to the microprocessor 136 at the digital input 153. The resistors 214, 232, and 234 are configured to divide the voltage difference between the line input 114 and ground and produce at the node 230 a voltage range that can be accepted by the microprocessor 136 without the use of an A/D converter and can be interpreted as a logic signal. The voltage at the node 230 represents the polarity of the voltage at the line input 114. If the voltage at the line input 114 is of a negative polarity, the voltage at the node 230 will be zero, representing a logic value of zero; if the voltage at the line input 114 is of a positive polarity, the node 230 will be at a positive potential, representing a logic value of one. The microprocessor 136 interprets a logic value at the node 230 to indicate that the line input 114 is at a negative polarity and the line input 110 is at a positive polarity (for logic value of zero) or vice versa (for logic value of one).

The circuit breaker 200 may also include a fourth circuit 208 to indicate a zero-crossing point when the voltage at the line input 110 or the line input 114 is equal to the voltage at the neutral line input 118. The fourth circuit 208 includes two resistors 242 and 244, which form a voltage divider between the neutral input 118 and ground. A node 240 is between the resistor 242 and the resistor 244, and is connected to the microprocessor 136 at the digital input 163. The resistors 242 and 244 are configured to divide the voltage difference between the neutral input 118 and ground to produce at the node 240 a voltage range that can be accepted by the microprocessor 136 without the use of an A/D converter and can be interpreted as a logic signal. When the line inputs 110, 114 are at a zero-crossing point, the voltage at the node 240 is zero, which represents a logic value of zero, and is interpreted by the microprocessor 136 as a logic value of zero. When the line voltages are not at a zero-crossing point, the voltage at the node 240 is a positive value, which represents a logic value of one, and is interpreted by the microprocessor 136 as a logic value of one.

The microprocessor 136 is programmed to calculate a value for the line-to-neutral voltage of the line input of positive polarity from the line-to-line voltage measurement and the line-to-neutral voltage measurement of the line input of negative polarity in the manner described above.

In this embodiment, the third circuit 206 and the first circuit 202 share at least one component, the resistor 214. The fourth circuit 208 and the second circuit 204 also share at least one component, the resistor 222. Sharing components among the circuits can further reduce the number of components on the PCBA and can simplify layout of the circuitry on the PCBA.

FIG. 3 is a simplified circuit diagram illustrating aspects of the present invention, including circuitry for measuring a line-to-line voltage and a line-to-neutral voltage and determining another line-to-neutral voltage. As with FIG. 1A, above, a two pole circuit breaker 300 includes two line inputs L1 and L2 (110, 114) to receive AC input voltages (e.g., 120V AC) through the line-powered trip solenoids 112, 116, respectively, and the neutral input 118. The full-wave diode bridge 120 and the rectifying diodes 122 and 124 rectify the voltages at the line inputs 110, 114. The half cycle of positive polarity is input to the voltage regulator 126, which outputs a regulated voltage.

The circuit breaker 300 includes a first circuit 302 for measuring the voltage difference between the line inputs 110, 114. The first circuit 302 includes a resistor 312 connected to the line input 110, a resistor 314, connected in series to the line input 114, and a resistor 316 connected to the resistors 312 and 314 and ground. The resistors 312, 314, and 316 form voltage dividers between the line inputs 110, 114, and ground. A node 310, between the three resistors 312, 314, and 316 is connected to the microprocessor 136. The resistors 312, 314 and 316 are configured to divide the line-to-line voltage to produce at the node 310 a range that can be accepted by the microprocessor 136. The voltage at the node 310 represents the voltage difference between the line inputs 110 and 114. The microprocessor 136 includes the A/D converter (not shown), which receives the analog voltage from the node 310 at the analog input 138 and converts it into a digital representation usable by the microprocessor 136 by sampling the voltage at the node 310 at regular intervals.

The circuit breaker 300 also includes a second circuit 304 for measuring the voltage difference between the neutral input 118 and whichever of the two line inputs 110, 114 is of a negative polarity. The second circuit 304 includes two resistors 322 and 324, which form a voltage divider between the neutral input 118 and ground. A node 320 is between the resistors 322 and 324. The voltage at the node 320 is a divided representation of the voltage difference between the voltage at the neutral input 118 and ground. The resistors 322 and 324 are configured to divide the line-to-neutral voltage to produce at the node 320 a range that can be accepted by the microprocessor 136. The voltage at the node 320 represents the voltage difference between the neutral input 118 and whichever of the two line inputs 110, 114 is of a negative polarity. The node 320 is connected to the microprocessor 136, which includes the A/D converter to receive the analog voltage from node 320 at the analog input 148 and convert it into a digital representation usable by the microprocessor 136 by sampling the voltage at the node 320 at regular intervals.

The circuit breaker 300 also includes a third circuit 306 to indicate which of the line inputs 110, 114 is at a negative polarity (and which is at a positive polarity). The third circuit 306 includes two resistors 332 and 334 connected between the line input 114 and ground, and which form a voltage divider. Node 330 is between resistors 332 and 334, and is connected to the microprocessor 136 at the digital input 153. The resistors 332 and 334 are configured to divide the voltage difference between the line input 114 and ground to produce at the node 330 a voltage range that can be accepted by the microprocessor 136 without the use of an A/D converter and can be interpreted as a logic signal. The voltage at the node 330 represents the polarity of the voltage at the line input 114. If the voltage at the line input 114 is of a negative polarity, the voltage at the node 330 will be zero, representing a logic value of zero; if the voltage at the line input 114 is of a positive polarity, the node 330 will be at a positive potential, representing a logic value of one. The microprocessor 136 interprets a logic value at the node 330 to indicate that the line input 114 is at a negative polarity and the line input 110 is at a positive polarity (for logic value of zero) or vice versa (for logic value of one).

The circuit breaker 300 may also include a fourth circuit 308 to indicate a zero-crossing point when the voltage at the line input 110 or line input 114 is equal to the voltage at the neutral line 118. The fourth circuit 308 includes three resistors 342, 344 and 346. The resistors 342 and 346 form a voltage divider between line input 110 and ground, and the resistors 344 and 346 form a voltage divider between the line input 114 and ground. A node 340 is in the center of the resistors 342, 344, and 346, and is further connected to the microprocessor 136 at the digital input 163. The resistors 342, 344, and 346 are configured to divide the voltage differences between the line inputs 110, 114 and ground to produce at the node 340 a voltage range that can be accepted by the microprocessor 136 without the use of an A/D converter and can be interpreted as a logic signal. When both of the line inputs 110, 114 are at a zero-crossing point, both of the line inputs 110 and 114 will be at the same potential as ground, and the voltage at the node 340 will be zero. A voltage of zero at the node 340 represents a logic value of zero, and is interpreted by the microprocessor 136 as a logic value of zero. When the line voltages are not at a zero-crossing point, the voltage at the node 340 is a positive value, which represents a logic value of one, and is interpreted by the microprocessor 136 as a logic value of one. In this embodiment, the fourth circuit 308 is connected to the two line inputs 110, 114 rather than the neutral input 118. In the case of a loss or other defect of the neutral input, the microprocessor 136 can still detect a zero-crossing, and thus will have a timing reference to use in fault detection algorithms, such as an algorithm to detect a loss of the neutral input.

The microprocessor 136 is programmed to calculate a value for the line-to-neutral voltage of the line input of positive polarity from the line-to-line voltage measurement and the line-to-neutral voltage measurement of the line input of negative polarity in the manner described above.

In this embodiment, each of the first circuit 302, the second circuit 304, the third circuit 306, and the fourth circuit 308 is separate from the other circuits in that they do not share components with the other circuits. Keeping the circuits separate can permit tighter measurement tolerances. The fourth circuit 308 is connected between the line inputs 110, 114 and ground.

FIG. 4 is a simplified circuit diagram illustrating aspects of the present invention, including circuitry for measuring a line-to-line voltage and a line-to-neutral voltage and determining another line-to-neutral voltage. As with FIG. 1A, above, a two pole circuit breaker 400 includes the two line inputs L1 and L2 (110, 114) to receive AC input voltages (e.g., 120V AC) through the line-powered trip solenoids 112, 116, respectively, and the neutral input 118. The full-wave diode bridge 120 and the rectifying diodes 122 and 124 rectify the voltages at the line inputs 110, 114. The half cycle of positive polarity is input to the voltage regulator 126, which outputs a regulated voltage.

The circuit breaker 400 includes a first circuit 402 for measuring the voltage difference between the line inputs 110, 114. The first circuit 402 includes a resistor 412, connected to line input 110, a resistor 414, connected to the line input 114, and a resistor 416 connected to the resistors 412 and 414 and to ground. The resistors 412, 414, and 416 form voltage dividers between the line inputs 110, 114 and ground. A node 410, between the three resistors 412, 414, and 416 is connected to the microprocessor 136. The resistors 412, 414, and 416 are configured to divide the line-to-line voltage to produce at the node 410 a range that can be accepted by the microprocessor 136. The voltage at the node 410 represents the voltage difference between the line inputs 110 and 114. The microprocessor 136 includes the A/D converter (not shown) to receive the analog voltage from the node 410 at the analog input 138 and convert it into a digital representation usable by the microprocessor 136 by sampling the voltage at the node 410 at regular intervals.

The circuit breaker 400 also includes a second circuit 404 for measuring the voltage difference between the neutral input 118 and whichever of the two line inputs 110, 114 is of negative polarity. The second circuit 404 includes two resistors 422 and 424, which form a voltage divider between the neutral input 118 and ground. A node 420 is between the resistors 422 and 424. The voltage at the node 420 is a divided representation of the voltage difference between the voltage at the neutral input 118 and ground. The resistors 422 and 424 are configured to divide the line-to-neutral voltage to produce at the node 420 a range that can be accepted by the microprocessor 136. The voltage at the node 420 represents the voltage difference between the neutral input 118 and whichever of the two line inputs 110, 114 is of negative polarity. The node 420 is connected to the microprocessor 136, which includes the A/D converter to receive the analog voltage from the node 420 at the analog input 148 and convert it into a digital representation usable by the microprocessor 136 by sampling the voltage at the node 420 at regular intervals.

The circuit breaker 400 also includes a third circuit 406 to indicate which of the line inputs 110, 114 is at a negative polarity (and which is at a positive polarity). The third circuit 406 includes two resistors 432 and 434 connected between the line input 114 and ground. The resistors 432 and 434 form a voltage divider. A node 430 is between the resistors 432 and 434, and is connected to the microprocessor 136 at the digital input 153. The resistors 432 and 434 are configured to divide the voltage difference between the line input 114 and ground to produce at the node 430 a voltage range that can be accepted by the microprocessor 136 without the use of an A/D converter and can be interpreted as a logic signal. The voltage at the node 430 represents the polarity of the voltage at the line input 114. If the voltage at the line input 114 is of a negative polarity, the voltage at the node 430 will be zero, representing a logic value of zero; if the voltage at the line input 114 is of a positive polarity, the node 430 will be at a positive potential, representing a logic value of one. The microprocessor 136 interprets a logic value at the node 430 to indicate that the line input 114 is at a negative polarity and the line input 110 is at a positive polarity (for logic value of zero) or vise versa (for logic value of one).

The circuit breaker 400 may also include a fourth circuit 408 to indicate a zero-crossing point when the voltage at the line input 110 or the line input 114 is equal to the voltage at the neutral input 118. The fourth circuit 408 includes two resistors 442 and 444, which form a voltage divider between the neutral input 118 and ground. A node 440 is between the resistors 442 and 444, and is connected to the microprocessor 136 at the digital input 163. The resistors 442 and 444 are configured to divide the voltage difference between the neutral input 118 and ground and produce at the node 440 a voltage range that can be accepted by the microprocessor 136 without the use of an A/D converter and interpreted as a logic signal. When the line inputs 110, 114 are at a zero-crossing point, the voltage at the node 440 is zero, which represents a logic value of zero, and is interpreted by the microprocessor 136 as a logic value of zero. When the line voltages are not at a zero-crossing point, the voltage at the node 440 is a positive value, which represents a logic value of one, and is interpreted by the microprocessor 136 as a logic value of one. In this embodiment, the fourth circuit 408 is connected to the neutral input 118 rather than the two line inputs 110, 114. This permits the use of fewer and smaller circuit components, such as smaller resistors, further saving PCBA space.

The microprocessor 136 is programmed to calculate a value for the line-to-neutral voltage of the line input of positive polarity from the line-to-line voltage measurement and the line-to-neutral voltage measurement of the line input of negative polarity in the manner described above.

In this embodiment, each of the first circuit 402, the second circuit 404, the third circuit 406, and the fourth circuit 408 is separate from the other circuits in that they do not share components with the other circuits. Keeping the circuits separate can permit tighter measurement tolerances. The fourth circuit 308 is connected between the neutral input 118 and ground.

FIG. 5 is a simplified circuit diagram illustrating aspects of the present invention, including circuitry for measuring two line-to-neutral voltages and determining a line-to-line voltage. A two pole circuit breaker 500 includes two line inputs L1 and L2 (510, 514) to receive AC input voltages (e.g., 120V AC) through two line-powered trip solenoids 512, 516, respectively, and a neutral input 518. The neutral input 518 serves as ground. Two rectifying diodes 520 and 522 permit the half cycles of positive polarity from the line inputs 510 and 514, respectively, while blocking the half cycles of negative polarity. The half cycles of positive polarity are input to a voltage regulator 524, which outputs a regulated voltage. A voltage divider including two resistors 526 and 528 between the output of the voltage regulator 524 and ground produces an analog reference voltage at a node 530. The analog reference voltage could also be generated by an active circuit.

The circuit breaker 500 includes a first circuit 531 for measuring the voltage difference between the line input 510 and the neutral input 518. The first circuit 531 includes two resistors 532 and 534, which form a voltage divider between the line input 510 and the analog reference 530. The resistors 532 and 534 are configured to divide the voltage difference between the line input 510 and the analog reference 530 to produce at a node 536 a voltage range that can be accepted by a microprocessor 538 coupled to the node 536. The analog reference voltage is an offset voltage chosen to ensure that the voltages received by the microprocessor 538 is an acceptable range (e.g., the analog reference voltage can be chosen to ensure that the voltages received by the microprocessor are positive if the microprocessor cannot accept negative voltages). The first circuit 531 outputs a first analog signal at the node 536 representing the voltage difference between the line input 510 and the neutral input 518. This represents the instantaneous voltage of the 120V AC voltage at the line input 510. The node 536 is connected to the microprocessor 538 at analog input 540. An A/D converter (not shown) at the microprocessor 538 converts the first analog signal to a first digital value. The microprocessor 538 samples the first digital value. The microprocessor 538 is programmed to determine a line-to-neutral voltage measurement from the first digital value, for example by comparing the first digital value to a set of stored values, or by executing a function defining a relationship between the possible digital values and corresponding line-to-neutral voltage measurements. The microprocessor 538 can store this value for use in calculations.

The circuit breaker 500 also includes a second circuit 541 for measuring the voltage difference between the line input 514 and the neutral input 518. The second circuit 541 includes two resistors 542 and 544, which form a voltage divider between the line input 514 and the analog reference 530. The resistors 542 and 544 are configured to divide the voltage difference between the line input 514 and the analog reference 530 to produce at a node 546 a voltage range that can be accepted by the microprocessor 538. The second circuit 541 outputs a second analog signal at the node 546 representing the voltage difference between the line input 514 and the neutral input 518. This represents the instantaneous voltage of the 120V AC voltage at the line input 514. The node 546 is connected to the microprocessor 538 at analog input 548 The A/D converter at the microprocessor 538 converts the second analog signal to a second digital value. The microprocessor 538 samples the second digital value. The microprocessor 538 is programmed to determine a line-to-neutral voltage measurement from the second digital value, for example by comparing the second digital value to a set of stored values, or by executing a function defining a relationship between the possible digital values and corresponding line-to-neutral voltage measurements. The microprocessor 538 can store this value for use in calculations.

The microprocessor 538 is programmed to calculate a value for the line-to-line voltage between the line inputs 510 and 514 from the two line-to-neutral voltage measurements. For example, the microprocessor 538 can be programmed to add the first digital value to the second digital value to calculate a voltage value of the line-to-line voltage. The microprocessor 538 can include an arithmetic logic unit (ALU) to perform such calculations. In this embodiment, a polarity signal is not needed to determine which voltage measurement corresponds to which line input.

The circuit breaker 500 may also include a third circuit 549 to indicate a zero-crossing point when the voltage at the line input 510 or the line input 514 is equal to the voltage at the neutral input 518. The third circuit 549 includes three resistors 550, 554 and 558. The resistors 550 and 558 form a voltage divider between the line input 510 and the neutral input 518, and the resistors 554 and 558 form a voltage divider between the line input 514 and the neutral input 518. Two diodes 552 and 556 prevent current from flowing whichever line input is of a negative polarity. A node 560 is in the center of the resistors 550, 554, and 558, and is further connected to the microprocessor 538 at a digital input 561. The resistors 550, 554, and 558, and a diode 562, are configured to divide the voltage differences between the line inputs 510, 514 and the neutral input 518 to produce at the node 560 a voltage range that can be accepted by the microprocessor 538 without the use of an A/D converter and can be interpreted as a logic signal. When both of the line inputs 510, 514 are at a zero-crossing point, both of the line inputs 510 and 514 will be at the same potential as ground, and the voltage at the node 560 will be zero. A voltage of zero at the node 560 represents a logic value of zero, and is interpreted by the microprocessor 538 as a logic value of zero, which indicates a zero-crossing point. When the line voltages are not at a zero-crossing point, the voltage at the node 560 is a positive value, which represents a logic value of one, and is interpreted by the microprocessor 538 as a logic value of one, which indicates that the line inputs 510, 514 are not at a zero crossing point.

FIG. 6 is a simplified circuit diagram illustrating aspects of the present invention, including circuitry for measuring two line-to-neutral voltages and determining a line-to-line voltage. A two pole circuit breaker 600 includes two line inputs L1 and L2 (610, 614) to receive AC input voltages (e.g., 120V AC) through two line-powered trip solenoids 612, 616, respectively, and a neutral input 618. Two rectifying diodes 620 and 622 permit the half cycles of positive polarity from the inputs 610 and 614, respectively, while blocking the half cycles of negative polarity. The half cycles of positive polarity are input to a voltage regulator 624, which outputs a regulated voltage. An inverting regulator 626 takes as input the output of the voltage regulator 624 and the neutral input 618, and outputs a negative voltage with respect to the voltage regulator ground. This negative voltage can be used as the module ground reference at a node 628.

The circuit breaker 600 includes a first circuit 631 for measuring the voltage difference between the line input 610 and the neutral input 618. The first circuit 631 includes two resistors 630 and 632, which form a voltage divider between the line input 610 and the neutral input 618. The resistors 630 and 632 are configured to divide the voltage difference between the line input 610 and the neutral input 618 to produce at a node 634 a voltage range that can be accepted by a microprocessor 638 coupled to the node 634. The first circuit 631 outputs a first analog signal at the node 634 representing the voltage difference between the line input 610 and the neutral input 618. This represents the instantaneous voltage of the 120V AC voltage at the line input 610. The node 634 is connected to the microprocessor 638 at an analog input 640. An A/D converter (not shown) at microprocessor 638 converts the first analog signal to a first digital value. The microprocessor 638 samples the first digital value. The microprocessor 638 is programmed to determine a line-to-neutral voltage measurement from the first digital value, for example by comparing the first digital value to a set of stored values, or by executing a function defining a relationship between the possible digital values and corresponding line-to-neutral voltage measurements. The microprocessor 638 can store this value for use in calculations.

The circuit breaker 600 also includes a second circuit 641 for measuring the voltage difference between the line input 614 and the neutral input 618. The second circuit 641 includes two resistors 642 and 644, which form a voltage divider between the line input 614 and the neutral input 618. The resistors 642 and 644 are configured to divide the voltage difference between the line input 614 and the neutral input 618 to produce at a node 646 a voltage range that can be accepted by the microprocessor 638. The second circuit 641 outputs a second analog signal at the node 646 representing the voltage difference between the line input 614 and the neutral input 618. This represents the instantaneous voltage of the 120V AC voltage at the line input 614. The node 646 is connected to the microprocessor 638 at an analog input 648. The A/D converter at microprocessor 638 converts the second analog signal to a second digital value. The microprocessor 638 samples the second digital value. The microprocessor 638 is programmed to determine a line-to-neutral voltage measurement from the second digital value, for example by comparing the second digital value to a set of stored values, or by executing a function defining a relationship between the possible digital values and corresponding line-to-neutral voltage measurements. The microprocessor 638 can store this value for use in calculations.

The microprocessor 638 is programmed to calculate a value for the line-to-line voltage between the line inputs 610 and 614 from the two line-to-neutral voltage measurements. For example, the microprocessor 638 can be programmed to add the first digital value to the second digital value to calculate a calculated voltage value of the line-to-line voltage. The microprocessor 638 can include an arithmetic logic unit (ALU) to perform such calculations. In this embodiment, a polarity signal is not needed to determine which voltage measurement corresponds to which line input.

The circuit breaker 600 may also include a third circuit 649 to indicate a zero-crossing point when the voltage at line the input 610 or the line input 614 is equal to the voltage at the neutral input 618. The third circuit 649 includes three resistors 650, 654 and 658. The resistors 650 and 658 form a voltage divider between the line input 610 and ground 628, and the resistors 654 and 658 form a voltage divider between the line input 614 and ground 628. Two diodes 652 and 656 prevent current from flowing whichever line input is of a negative polarity. A node 660 is in the center of the resistors 650, 654, and 658, and is further connected to the microprocessor 638 at a digital input 661. The resistors 650, 654, and 658 are configured to divide the voltage differences between the line inputs 610, 614 and ground 628 to produce at the node 660 a voltage range that can be accepted by the microprocessor 638 without the use of an A/D converter and can be interpreted as a logic signal. When both of the line inputs 610, 614 are passing through a zero-crossing point, both of the line inputs 610 and 614 will be at the same potential as the neutral input 618, and the voltage at the node 660 will be zero. A voltage of zero at the node 660 represents a logic value of zero, and is interpreted by the microprocessor 638 as a logic value of zero, which indicates a zero-crossing point. When the line voltages are not at a zero-crossing point, the voltage at the node 660 is a positive value, which represents a logic value of one, and is interpreted by the microprocessor 638 as a logic value of one, which indicates that the line inputs 610, 614 are not at a zero crossing point.

FIG. 7 is a simplified circuit diagram illustrating aspects of the present invention, including circuitry for measuring a line-to-line voltage and a line-to-neutral voltage and determining another line-to-neutral voltage, without a circuit to determine polarity. A two pole circuit breaker 700 includes two line inputs L1 and L2 (710, 714) to receive AC input voltages (e.g., 120V AC) through two line-powered trip solenoids 712, 716, respectively, and a neutral input 718. In normal operation, diode 720 half wave rectifies the AC line voltages; if there is a loss of phase or other defect on line input 710, diode 722 half wave rectifies the line voltage at line input 714. An inverting regulator 726 takes as input the output of the voltage regulator 724 and the line input 714 (which serves as an analog reference), and outputs a ground at a node 728.

The circuit breaker 700 includes a first circuit 730 for measuring the line-to-line voltage difference between the line input 710 and the line input 714. The first circuit 730 includes two resistors 732 and 734, which form a voltage divider between the line input 710 and the line input 714. The resistors 732 and 734 are configured to divide the voltage difference between the line input 710 and the line input 714 to produce at a node 736 a voltage range that can be accepted by a microprocessor 738 coupled to the node 736. The first circuit 730 outputs a first analog signal at the node 736 representing the line-to-line voltage difference. This represents the instantaneous voltage of the 240V AC voltage between the line inputs 710 and 714. The node 736 is connected to the microprocessor 738 at an analog input 740. An A/D converter (not shown) at the microprocessor 738 converts the first analog signal to a first digital value. The microprocessor 738 samples the first digital value. The microprocessor 738 is programmed to determine a line-to-line voltage measurement from the first digital value, for example by comparing the first digital value to a set of stored values, or by executing a function defining a relationship between the possible digital values and corresponding line-to-line voltage measurements. The microprocessor 738 can store this value for use in calculations.

The circuit breaker 700 also includes a second circuit 742 for measuring the voltage difference between the line input 714 and the neutral input 718. The second circuit 742 includes two resistors 744 and 746, which form a voltage divider between the line input 714 and the neutral input 718. The resistors 744 and 746 are configured to divide the voltage difference between the line input 714 and the neutral input 718 to produce at a node 748 a voltage range that can be accepted by the microprocessor 738. The second circuit 742 outputs a second analog signal at the node 748 representing the voltage difference between the line input 714 and the neutral input 718. This represents the instantaneous voltage of the 120V AC voltage at the line input 714. The node 748 is connected to the microprocessor 738 at an analog input 750. The A/D converter at the microprocessor 738 converts the second analog signal to a second digital value. The microprocessor 738 samples the second digital value. The microprocessor 738 is programmed to determine a line-to-neutral voltage measurement from the second digital value, for example by comparing the second digital value to a set of stored values, or by executing a function defining a relationship between the possible digital values and corresponding line-to-neutral voltage measurements. The microprocessor 738 can store this value for use in calculations.

The microprocessor 738 is programmed to calculate a value for the line-to-neutral voltage between the line input 710 and the neutral input 718 from the line-to-line measurement and the line-to-neutral measurement between the line input 714 and the neutral input 718. For example, the microprocessor 738 can be programmed to subtract the second digital value from the first digital value to calculate a calculated voltage value of the line-to-neutral voltage between the line input 710 and the neutral input 718. The microprocessor 738 can include an arithmetic logic unit (ALU) to perform such calculations. In this embodiment, a polarity signal is not needed to determine which voltage measurement corresponds to which line input.

The circuit breaker 700 may also include a third circuit 752 to indicate a zero-crossing point when the voltage at the line input 710 or the line input 714 is equal to the voltage at the neutral input 718. The third circuit 752 includes a resistor 754 and diodes 758 and 760, configured to keep the voltage at a node 756 in a range that can be accepted by the microprocessor 738 without the use of an A/D converter and can be interpreted as a logic signal. The node 756 is coupled to the microprocessor 738 at a digital input 757. The neutral input 718 is at a different potential than ground 728, and the relationship changes as the line inputs 710, 714 switch polarity. When both of the line inputs 710, 714 transition from one polarity to the other, the signal at the node 756 changes states (e.g., from zero voltage to a positive voltage, or vice versa). A voltage of zero at the node 756 represents a logic value of zero, and is interpreted by the microprocessor 738 as a logic value of zero. Likewise, a positive voltage at the node 756 represents a logic value of one, and is interpreted by the microprocessor 738 as a logic value of one. The microprocessor 738 can be programmed to determine that a transition from logic zero to logic one, or a transition from logic one to logic zero, indicates a zero crossing point.

Detected line voltage values can be used by a microprocessor to identify an improper voltage value and initiate an appropriate response. Improper voltage values can include overvoltage conditions, undervoltage conditions, AC line voltage frequency that is too high or too low, line voltage waveform that is not sinusoidal, single or multiple step function approximated sine waves, a loss of phase, or loss of panel neutral. Responses initiated by the microprocessor can include tripping the circuit breaker (breaking the circuit), and can also include generating a signal, such as a visual or audible signal or communication of a signal to an external device.

With reference to FIG. 8, there is shown a method 800 of tripping a circuit breaker in response to an overvoltage condition. An overvoltage condition can occur in a two pole circuit breaker (such as described for FIGS. 1A and 2-4 above), for example, when the connection of the neutral line input (e.g., FIG. 1A, neutral input 118) is lost. In such a case, the effective neutral voltage will drift according to the relative impedances of the loads coupled to the line inputs (e.g., FIG. 1A, line inputs 110, 114), with a higher line-to-neutral voltage resulting on the line with highest impedance. Similarly, in a system that uses a plurality of one-pole circuit breakers, a loss of panel neutral (neutral line connected to the circuit breaker panel) can result in some or all of the one-pole circuit breakers becoming unbalanced, based on the respective impedances of their loads.

The method 800 can be performed, for example, with software executing on a microprocessor. The method includes accumulating a summation, or integration, of voltage values over time to generate a V_(area) value. The V_(area) value is initially set to zero (808). A line-to-neutral voltage V(n) is sampled by a microprocessor at regular intervals (810), for example 32 samples for each half cycle of the line-to-neutral voltage (approximately 8.3 ms), where V(n) is the sampled voltage value at a particular interval n. For a two-pole circuit breaker, the microprocessor determines which of the poles is being sampled. As described above, for the two-pole circuit breakers described in FIGS. 1A and 2-4, the microprocessor 136 samples the line-to-line voltage between the line inputs 110, 114, and samples the line-to-neutral voltage between the neutral input 118 and whichever of the line inputs 110, 114 is at negative polarity. The microprocessor 136 determines, using the polarity signal, which of the line-to-neutral voltages it is sampling, and calculates the other line-to-neutral voltage as described above. In a one-pole circuit breaker, the line-to-neutral voltage is a voltage measured between the single line input and a neutral input.

The microprocessor can analyze a set of samples collected during a sampling period. For example, the microprocessor can be configured to recognize a zero-crossing point as approximately the beginning of the set of samples and a subsequent zero-crossing point as approximately the end of the set of samples. The microprocessor can continuously sample the line-to-neutral voltage, with discrete sets of samples delineated by zero-crossing points. For the two-pole circuit breakers described above in relation to FIGS. 1A and 2-4, a zero-crossing point can be determined by sampling the output of the respective fourth circuits. Likewise, for the two-pole circuit breakers described in relation to FIGS. 5-7 above, a zero-crossing point can be determined by sampling the output of the respective third circuits. A one-pole circuit breaker can also include similar circuitry configured to output to a microprocessor a signal indicative of a zero-crossing point, for example by determining when the line voltage is equal to the neutral voltage.

The sampled voltage values V(n) are accumulated by the microprocessor to generate the V_(area) value (812). The microprocessor can detect a subsequent zero-crossing point (814) and determine a final V_(area) value at approximately the subsequent zero-crossing point. The initial value of V_(area) at the first sample is V(0), and for each sample V(n) during the half cycle, V_(area) is incremented by V(n). Thus, after a half cycle, V_(area) is equal to the sum of the approximately 32 samples of the line-to-neutral voltage during that half cycle. V_(area) can be considered an estimate of the amount of energy delivered (during half cycles where the voltage exceeds a threshold) to components downstream (e.g., the load connected to the circuit breaker) from the circuit breaker over the sampled period of time (here, one half cycle of the line-to-neutral voltage). Alternatively, V_(area) can be computed by integrating the line-to-neutral voltage over the half cycle period.

After the microprocessor detects the zero-crossing point indicating the end of the set of samples, V_(area) can be compared against the threshold value (816). The threshold value represents a minimum value that can be considered an overvoltage condition for the sampled period of time. For example, the threshold value can be set to be a value that represents the accumulation of a set of 140V RMS samples over one half cycle of the line-to-neutral voltage.

The threshold value can be chosen by estimating the amount of overvoltage time components downstream from the circuit breaker can withstand before potentially being damaged. For example, the ITI (CBEMA) Curve illustrates an estimate by the Information Technology Industry Council (“ITI”) of AC voltages that most information technology equipment can tolerate for a corresponding period of time. See ITI (CBEMA) Curve Application Note published by Information Technology Industry Council (“ITI”), 1250 Eye Street NW, Suite 200, Washington, D.C. 20005 (available on the ITIC website). FIG. 9 shows the ITI (CBEMA) Curve 910. The ITI (CBEMA) Curve associates RMS AC voltage on the X-axis 912 with time (in both seconds and cycles) on the Y-axis 914 (note that the curve in the ITI (CBEMA) Curve Application Note depicts the curve in a graph with a percentage of nominal RMS AC voltage on the Y-axis and time on the X-axis. This information has been reformatted into curve 910 to allow easier comparison to other curves discussed below. The information in the curve depicted in the ITI (CBEMA) Curve Application Note is the same as depicted in FIG. 9, curve 910). Voltage and time combinations above the curve exceed the ITI's estimates for the tolerance of information technology equipment. For example, an RMS voltage of 140V for a duration of 20 ms would be above the ITI (CBEMA) Curve, and thus would exceed the ITI's tolerance estimate.

If V_(area) exceeds the threshold value, a trip curve time value, for example a maximum time delay T_(max), is computed for the value of V_(area) according to a function (818). T_(max) is an estimate of the maximum amount of time an overvoltage of a given value will be tolerated before action (e.g., tripping the circuit breaker) is taken. The function maps voltage values to corresponding time values. The function can be a trip curve function. For example, the trip curve function can correspond to the ITI (CBEMA) Curve, or a portion of the curve, such that the trip curve function will output a T_(max) value corresponding to a voltage value on the ITI (CBEMA) Curve. For example, if V_(area) corresponds to a voltage of 200V, the function would output a value of approximately 1 ms. The trip curve function or functions (for example, a separate function can be implemented for each region of the ITI (CBEMA) Curve) can be stored in a memory in the microprocessor. Either V_(area) can be scaled to correspond to RMS voltage values on the trip curve, or the RMS values of the trip curve function can be scaled to correspond to V_(area) values.

A trip curve function (or functions) can also be derived by measuring the behavior of a circuit component, for example a metal oxide varistor (“MOV”), used in the circuit breaker. FIG. 9 depicts a trip curve 916 derived from a MOV energy rating curve that can be used with the circuit breakers described above for FIGS. 1A, and 2-4. The trip curve 910 associates voltage values on a Y-axis 912 with corresponding time values on an X-axis 914. A trip curve derived from, for example, a MOV 125 used in the circuit breaker 100 of FIG. 1A can provide an estimate of the amount of overvoltage that the circuit breaker itself can tolerate. If the function corresponds to trip curve 916, more energy may be permitted to flow downstream before action is taken than if the function corresponds to the ITI (CBEMA) Curve 910.

A trip curve can be chosen to be between the ITI (CBEMA) Curve 910 and the MOV trip curve 916. For example, a trip curve 918 is chosen to be between the ITI (CBEMA) Curve 910 and the MOV trip curve 916. Empirical testing can be used to confirm that common components (e.g., light bulbs) burn out at exposure times higher than those on trip curve 918 for a given overvoltage value. The equation for the trip curve 918 is:

T _(max)=97.5 seconds−V _(rms)*(0.5 seconds/Volts)   (Equation 1)

The trip curve function mapping voltage values to corresponding time values can include Equation 1. Using Equation 1, V_(rms) is compared to values representing the accumulation of samples of voltages at values on a Y-axis 1012 for time periods of corresponding lengths on an X-axis 1014.

The trip curve of Equation 1 can be scaled for convenient use by the microprocessor. For example, time can be represented in units of half-cycles rather than seconds:

120 T _(max)=120(97.5 seconds−(0.5 seconds/Volts RMS)   (Equation 2)

Equation 2 can be rewritten as:

T _(hc)=120(97.5 seconds−(0.5 seconds/Volts RMS)   (Equation 3)

where t_(hc)=120 t_(max). V_(area) can be used as an approximation of the RMS voltage over a half cycle, and can be chosen to be easier to process with the microprocessor. V_(area) can be represented as A*V_(rms), where V_(rms) is a corresponding approximate RMS voltage value, and A is in units of bits/V_(rms). Equation 3, then, can be written in terms of V_(area):

T _(hc)=11700−(60/A)*V _(area)   (Equation 4)

A can be chosen to conveniently represent the function in the microprocessor, for example A=74.75. Equation 4, then, can be implemented by the microprocessor by:

T _(hc)=11700−(13150/2¹⁴)*V _(area)   (Equation 5)

where (13150/2¹⁴) is approximately (60/74.75).

The microprocessor uses T_(max) (or a scaled value such as T_(hc) corresponding to T_(max)) to increment a Count value by an estimate of the amount of excess energy delivered to the load during the half-cycle (820). The Count value is a 16-bit number that represents an accumulated amount of overvoltage time that has been delivered to the load over time. A person of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that other numbers of bits (e.g., 32 bits) may be appropriate, depending on the microprocessor chosen. The count value can be incremented according to the following equation, which increments the Count value by a fraction of a Count_(max) value, the fraction being determined by T_(max):

Count=Count+Count_(max) /T _(max)   (Equation 6)

The initial value of the Count value is zero. Although the Varea value is reset to zero before the first sample of every half cycle, the Count value is not reset, and is carried over from one sampling period to the next. Thus, over the course of a plurality of half cycles, the Count value represents an accumulation of energy delivered to downstream components over that period of time. For example, if the line-to-neutral voltage is above the threshold for several half cycles, the Count value will continue to increment, representing an increasing amount of overvoltage energy delivered to downstream components over that period of time. Thus, although one half cycle of a particular overvoltage value may not cause the circuit breaker to trip, a longer period of time at that overvoltage level might.

The Count_(max) value represents a maximum amount of overvoltage time above which the microprocessor initiates an action The Count_(max) value is a 16-bit number chosen to achieve the highest resolution when incrementing the Count value. For example, Count_(max) can be chosen to be 65,535. Again, different numbers of bits can be used, depending on the microprocessor selected.

The Count value for the current half-cycle is compared to the Count_(max) value (822). If the Count value is greater than or equal to the Count_(max) value, the microprocessor initiates an appropriate action, such as causing the circuit breaker to trip (824), or giving a visual or audible indication. For example, referring to FIG. 1A, the microprocessor 136 conventionally switches an output pin (not shown) that is coupled to a silicon controlled rectifier (“SCR,” not shown) from low to high, causing the SCR to conduct, which in turn energizes the trip solenoid (112 or 116) to break the circuit. A trip solenoid in a one-pole circuit breaker can be tripped similarly.

After the Count value is compared to the Count_(max) value, the test for the current half cycle of the line-to-neutral voltage is complete (826). However, the microprocessor can continue to sample the line-to-neutral voltage during subsequent half-cycles, and the V_(area) values for those half cycles can be tested similarly. As described above, the Count value is carried over from one half cycle to the next, and represents a running estimate of energy delivered to downstream components. Thus, subsequent tests of V_(area) may continue to increase the Count value until the circuit breaker trips.

Returning to step 816, if the V_(area) value does not exceed the threshold value, then the line-to-neutral voltage is less than the minimum value that can be considered an overvoltage condition for the sampled period of time. If the Count value is greater than zero (828), the Count value is decayed, i.e., reduced (830). For example, the Count value can be decayed by a predetermined time constant, τ=46 seconds. In this example, the Count value would be decayed by 32,762/2¹⁵ for the half cycle. As explained above, the Count value keeps a running estimate of the amount of energy delivered to downstream components. Thus, during half cycles where V_(area) is greater than the threshold value, the Count value is incremented, increasing the likelihood that the circuit breaker will trip; and during half cycles where V_(area) is less than the threshold value, the Count value is reduced, lessening the likelihood that the circuit breaker will trip.

Note that, since the V_(area) value is not compared to the threshold value until a half cycle has elapsed, the circuit breaker will not be tripped until at least a half cycle has elapsed. Tripping the circuit breaker too soon can be considered a nuisance to the user of the circuit breaker. V_(area) can be compared to the threshold value sooner (e.g., at approximate a quarter cycle) if greater sensitivity is desired.

Other improper voltage conditions can be detected. For example, an undervoltage condition can be detected for a line-to-neutral voltage. For example, a two-pole circuit breaker (such as described for FIGS. 1A and 2-7 above) can be configured to trip if the line-to-line voltage sags below a certain minimum value and the difference between the respective line-to-neutral voltages is above a certain maximum value. The minimum value can be the minimum normal operating voltage for a Square D QO® or HOMELINE® miniature circuit breaker. For example, the circuit breaker can trip when, for a time period of approximately 66.7 ms (8 consecutive half cycles of a line voltage), the line-to-line voltage is less than 85% of the nominal voltage and the following equation is satisfied:

|(line 1-to-neutral voltage)−(line 2-to-neutral voltage)|>50V.   (Equation 7)

In the example of FIG. 1A, the line 1-to-neutral voltage is the voltage difference between the line input 110 and the neutral input 118; the line 2-to-neutral voltage is the voltage difference between the line input 114 and the neutral input 118.

What has been shown is that a line-to-line voltage and two line-to-neutral voltages can be measured using only two of a limited number of analog inputs of a microprocessor. Also, the number of circuit components and high-voltage traces needed to measure a line-to-line voltage and two line-to-neutral voltages can be reduced, saving space on a PCBA.

What has also been shown is that an improper line-to-neutral voltage can be detected by monitoring the line-to-neutral voltage and comparing it to a function such as a trip curve. Thus, components downstream from a circuit breaker, as well as the circuit breaker itself, can be protected from prolonged exposure to improper voltages, which can lead to component failure. Specifically, by detecting an overvoltage condition and tripping the circuit breaker upon detection of the overvoltage condition, the circuit breaker and downstream components can be protected from overheating due to the overvoltage condition.

While particular aspects, embodiments, and applications of the present invention have been illustrated and described, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited to the precise construction and compositions disclosed herein and that various modifications, changes, and variations may be apparent from the foregoing descriptions without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined in the appended claims. 

1. A method of tripping a circuit breaker comprising: sampling an alternating current (AC) line voltage at regular intervals during a first time period to generate a plurality of AC line voltage samples; summing each sample of the set of AC line voltage samples to generate a voltage area value; determining via a controller whether the voltage area value exceeds a threshold; and in response to the voltage area value exceeding the threshold, adding to a count value an amount determined as a function of the voltage area value, and causing a circuit breaker to trip in response to the count value equaling or exceeding a maximum count value.
 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising: detecting a zero crossing point when the AC line voltage is equal to a neutral voltage; and wherein the first time period ends approximately when the zero crossing point is detected.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein adding to the count value an amount determined as a function of the voltage area value comprises: calculating a trip curve time value corresponding to the voltage area value; and incrementing the count value by an amount equal to the maximum count value divided by the time value.
 4. The method of claim 3, wherein the trip curve time value corresponding to a voltage area value is selected to be approximately 97.5 seconds−RMS voltage*(0.5 seconds/Volts), wherein the voltage area value is an approximation of RMS voltage.
 5. The method of claim 3, wherein the trip curve time value corresponding to a voltage are value is defined by a function characterized by the ITI-CBEMA RMS Voltage Curve.
 6. The method of claim 1, further comprising: if voltage area value does not exceed the threshold, decaying the count value by a predetermined amount.
 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the summing includes an integral function.
 8. A circuit breaker comprising: a first circuit configured to receive an alternating current (AC) line voltage and generate a signal indicative of the AC line voltage; a controller coupled to the first circuit configured to: sample the AC line voltage at regular intervals during a first time period to generate a plurality of AC line voltage samples; sum each sample of the set of AC line voltage samples to generate a voltage area value; determine whether the voltage area value exceeds a threshold; and in response to the voltage area value exceeding the threshold, add to a count value an amount determined as a function of the voltage area value, and cause a circuit breaker to trip in response to the count value equaling or exceeding a maximum count value.
 9. The circuit breaker of claim 8, wherein the controller is configured to: calculate a trip curve time value corresponding to the voltage area value; and increment the count value by an amount equal to the maximum count value divided by the time value.
 10. The circuit breaker of claim 9, wherein the trip curve time value corresponding to a voltage area value is selected to be approximately 97.5 seconds−RMS voltage*(0.5 seconds/Volts), wherein the voltage area value is an approximation of RMS voltage.
 11. The circuit breaker of claim 8, further comprising: a second circuit coupled to the controller, a first AC line input, and a second AC line input configured to output a line-to-line signal representing a line-to-line voltage; and a third circuit coupled to the controller configured to output a polarity signal representing an identification of the AC line input, of the first AC line input and second AC line input, of negative polarity; wherein the controller is configured to identify the AC line voltage with the AC line input of negative polarity.
 12. The circuit breaker of claim 8, further comprising: a zero-crossing detection circuit coupled to the controller configured to output to the controller a zero-crossing signal indicating that the AC line voltage is equal to a neutral voltage; wherein the first time period ends approximately when the zero crossing point is detected.
 13. The circuit breaker of claim 8, wherein the controller is configured to decay the count value by a predetermined amount if voltage area value does not exceed the threshold.
 14. The circuit breaker of claim 8, wherein the controller is configured to sum each sample of the set of AC line voltage samples using an integral function.
 15. In a circuit breaker, a method comprising: summing a plurality of samples of an alternating current (AC) voltage to generate a voltage area value; and if the voltage area value indicates that the AC voltage is an anomalous voltage, causing a circuit breaker to trip.
 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the anomalous AC voltage is an undervoltage.
 17. The method of claim 15, wherein the anomalous AC voltage is an overvoltage.
 18. The method of claim 15, wherein the AC voltage is sample from a plurality of AC line voltages using only two analog inputs of a controller.
 19. The method of claim 18, wherein the circuit breaker is a two-pole circuit breaker, the method further comprising: receiving a first AC line voltage; receiving a second AC line voltage 180 degrees out of phase from the first AC line voltage; identifying a polarity of the first AC line voltage; and identifying the AC line voltage with one of the first AC line voltage and the second AC line voltage based on the polarity signal.
 20. The method of claim 17, further comprising comparing the AC voltage to a trip curve function. 